Michael Odida

Associate Professor


He holds a Doctor of Philosophy, Master of Medicine degree (Pathology), also a Fellow of College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa (FCPath ECSA) in addition to Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. He is fully registered with the Medical and Dental Council of Uganda as a histopathologist. In addition, he has attended a number of academic and professional courses as well as gaining diagnostic expertise from other pathology laboratories in USA, U.K and Germany. Odida is also a member of professional associations in Uganda and internationally.
As an Assoc. Prof. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Odida also does consultancy as a consultant pathologist with other institutions like St. Mary’s Hospital, Lacor, Gulu, Multisystem Clinical Laboratories, Kampala and A-Plus Funeral Management, Kampala. Other engagements include being external examiner in many Universities and reviewer for many scientific journals.

Qualifications

Institution Period Degree obtained
 

Makerere University

 

1977 -1982

 

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

 

  1986-1990 Master of Medicine (Pathology)
Goethe Institute Bremen

 

1991-1992 Certificate German Language Course
Makerere University/Karolinska Institute

 

2004-2010

 

Doctor of Philosophy

 

 

 

College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa

 

2014 Fellow of the College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa (FCPathECSA)

Research Interests

My main area of interest is gynaecological pathology with focus on cervical carcinoma. Other areas include infectious diseases. Currently, I am participating in an international research on microbiome and colonic carcinoma.

Publications

Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H, Odida M . (2026) . Dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer in Uganda: a case-control study
Odida, M., Löscher, T., Rehder, H.,Freers, J., Schmauz, R., 2025 . (2025) . Cervical Cancer Risk in East and Central Africa from Interaction with Falciparum Malaria . Medical Research Archives, [online] Volume 13(9). Available at: https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6855
Wismayer R, Matthews R, Whalley C, Kiwanuka J, Kakembo FE, Thorn S, Wabinga H, Odida M, Tomlinson I . (2025) . The role of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 in the development of colorectal cancer in Uganda , p. 792
Kassimo BA, Yahaya JJ, Othieno E, Okwi LA, Odida M . (2025) . Endometrial cancer and associated risk factors among non-pregnant women with abnormal uterine bleeding in Kampala, Uganda . Afr Health Sci, 25(2), pp. 131-140
Wismayer R, Matthews R, Whalley C, Kiwanuka J, Kakembo FE, Thorn S, Wabinga H, Odida M, Tomlinson I . (2024) . Determination of the frequency and distribution of APC, PIK3CA, and SMAD4 gene mutations in Ugandan patients with colorectal cancer . BMC Cancer, 30(24)
Odida M, Löscher T, Rehder H, Schmauz R . (2024) . Malaria and Cervical Cancer Risk from HPV in Kampala, Uganda . Epidemiol Public Health, [online] Volume 2(2), p. 1040. Available at: https://www.jpublichealth.org/articles/1040.html
Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H, Odida M . (2023) . Colorectal adenocarcinoma in Uganda: are right-sided and left-sided colon cancers two distinct disease entities? . World J Surg Oncol, 21(1)
Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H, Odida M . (2022) . Risk Factors for Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in an Indigenous Population in East Africa . Cancer Manag
Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H, Odida M . (2022) . Prognostic Factors for Survival of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients in Uganda . Cancer Manag
Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H and Odida M . (2022) . Predictors for the Survival of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients in Uganda
Wismayer R, Kiwanuka J, Wabinga H and Odida M . (2021) . Survival Outcomes of Histopathological Subtypes of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Ugandan Patients . Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 33(24)
Amsi PT, Yahaya JJ , Kalungi S and Odida M . (2020) . Immunohistochemical expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a cohort of Ugandan men with prostate cancer: an analytical cross-sectional study . Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12301-020-00079-w
Yahaya JJ, Okecha T, Odida M, Wabinga H . (2020) . Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival of Patients with Prostate Cancer in Kyadondo County, Uganda . Prostate Cancer, 27
Buunaaim, A. D. B., N. Amuron, I. S. Ojangor, G. Waiswa, and M. Odida . (2014) . Vanishing bone disease in a tertiary teaching hospital in Uganda: A case report . Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eaoj/article/view/104548
Buname G, Byaruhanga R, Emily K, Namwagala J, Alele D, Odida M, Ndoleriire C . (2014) . An uncommon occurrence. International Journal of Clinical Case Reports . International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 4(7)
Orem J, Sandin S, Weibull CE, Odida M, Wabinga H, Mbidde E, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meijer CJ, Middeldorp JM, Weiderpass E . (2012) . Agreement between diagnoses of childhood lymphoma assigned in Uganda and by an international reference laboratory . Clinical Epidemiology , 4, pp. 339-47
Geraets D, Alemany L, Guimera N, de Sanjose S, de Koning M, Molijn A, Jenkins D, Bosch X, Quint W . (2012) . Detection of rare and possibly carcinogenic human papillomavirus genotypes as single infections in invasive cervical cancer , pp. 534-43
Ndiaye C, Alemany L, Ndiaye N, Kamaté B, Diop Y, Odida M, Banjo K, Tous S, Klaustermeier JE, Clavero O, Castellsagué X, Xavier Bosch F, Trottier H, de Sanjosé S . (2012) . Human papillomavirus distribution in invasive cervical carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa: could HIV explain the differences? . Trop Med Int Health , 17(12), pp. 1432-40
Odida M, Sandin S, Mirembe F, Kleter B, Quint W, Weiderpass E . (2011) . HPV types, HIV and invasive cervical carcinoma risk in Kampala, Uganda: a case-control study
Nabadda S, Odida M, Wabinga H . (2011) . Myelodysplasia in Ugandan patients with HIV/AIDS: an autopsy study , pp. 24-7. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24968599/
de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L, Geraets DT, Klaustermeier JE, Lloveras B, Tous S, Felix A, Bravo LE, Shin HR, Vallejos CS, de Ruiz PA, Lima MA, Guimera N, Clavero O, Alejo M, Llombart-Bosch A, Cheng-Yang C, Tatti SA, Kasamatsu E, Iljazovic E, Odida M, Prado R, Seoud M, Grce M, Usubutun A, Jain A, Suarez GA, Lombardi LE, Banjo A, Menéndez C, Domingo EJ, Velasco J, Nessa A, Chichareon SC, Qiao YL, Lerma E, Garland SM, Sasagawa T, Ferrera A, Hammouda D, Mariani L, Pelayo A, Steiner I, Oliva E, Meijer CJ, Al-Jassar WF, Cruz E, Wright TC, Puras A, Llave CL, Tzardi M, Agorastos T, Garcia-Barriola V, Clavel C, Ordi J, Andújar M, Castellsagué X, Sánchez GI, Nowakowski AM, Bornstein J, Muñoz N, Bosch FX . (2010) . Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study , pp. 1048-56
Odida M, de Sanjose S, Sandin S, Quiros B, Alemany L, Lloveras B, Quint W, Kleter B, Alejo M, van Doorn L-J and Weiderpass E . (2010) . Comparison of human papillomavirus detection between freshly frozen tissue and paraffin embedded tissue of invasive cervical cancer
Rambau P.F, Odida M, Wabinga H. . (2008) . p53 expression in colorectal carcinoma in relation to histopathological features in Ugandan patients , pp. 234–238. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887007/
Bwogi S, Wabinga H, Odida M, Kityo B . (2008) . The Pathology of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Positive Adults: An Autopsy study. . Medical Journal, [online] Volume 4(11). Available at: https://makir.mak.ac.ug/items/387584a3-436f-47fd-a11c-dec5340d5fc7
Ocama P, Kagimu MM, Odida M, Wabinga H, Opio CK, . Colebunders B, van Ierssel S, Colebunders R. . (2008) . Factors associated with carcinoma of the oesophagus at Mulago Hospital, Uganda . African Health Sciences , 8(2), pp. 81-85
. (2008) . Female genital tuberculosis in Uganda . African Journal of Animal and Biomedical Sciences
Odida M . (2005) . Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in Uganda: A report of 20 cases . Afr Health Sci. , [online] Volume 5(3), pp. 291-4. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1831954/
Odida M, Schmauz R . (2005) . Epidemiological aspects of cervical cancer in tropical Africa . Makerere Medical Journal , 40, pp. 4-7
Wabinga HR, Colebunders B, Odida M, Ocama P, Colebunders R . (2004) . Risk factors for and types of oesophageal cancer
Odida M, Schmauz R, Lwanga SK . (2002) . Grade of malignancy of cervical cancer in regions of Uganda with varying malarial endemicity . Int J Cancer, 99(5), pp. 737-41
Onzivua S, Odida M . (2002) . The pathology of Malaria . Makerere Medical Journal , pp. 38-41
Luzze H, Elliott AM, Joloba ML, Odida M, Oweka-Onyee J, Nakiyingi J, Quigley M, Hirsch C, Mugerwa RD, Okwera A, Johnson JL . (2001) . Evaluation of suspected tuberculous pleurisy: clinical and diagnostic findings in HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative adults in Uganda . Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11495266/
Karimbaev K., Kaggwa S., Kisalu M. Odida M . (2001) . Histopathological findings in post-inflammatory urethral strictures treated at Mulago hospital, Kampala, Uganda . East and Central African Journal of Surgery , -1, pp. 29-31
Odida M, Dzamalala CP . (1999) . The pattern of choriocarcinomas in Uganda 1967-1976 . Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=Q00029265
Odida M . (1998) . Pulmonary pathology in AIDS patients at autopsy . Makerere Medical Journal , 22(23), pp. 22-24
Odida M, Schmauz R . (1996) . Cervical cancer and cytomegalovirus , pp. 810-2. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9103690/
Odida M, Schmauz R . (1996) . Classification and grading of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix , pp. S9-10. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8756019/
Lucas S, Odida M, Wabinga H . (1991) . The pathology of severe morbidity and mortality caused by HIV infection in Africa . Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1669911/

Projects

Supervision

  1. Wismayer R: Molecular subtypes, risk factors and survival of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients in Uganda. PhD 2025. Makerere University.
  2. Ambayo R: Heart lesions in sudden deaths; an autopsy study at Kampala City Council Authority mortuary, Kampala. M.Med. (Pathology) 2020. Makerere University.
  3. Abbo B.K: Histopathological findings in endometrial currettings in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding as seen in Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University. M.Med. (Pathology) 2020. Makerere University.
  4. Biira A M. Prevalence and factors associated with Human Papilloma virus among patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma attending Mulago Hospital, Uganda. M.Dentistry (Maxillo-facial Surgery) 2017. Makerere University.
  5. Alele D. Expression of p16 in penile cancer and its association with different histological grades and age of patients in Pathology Department, Makerere University. M.Med (Pathology) 2016. Makerere University.
  6. Mutunza E D. Prevalence and histopathological features of chorioamnitis among women admitted in Mulago Hospital labour ward. M.Med(Pathology) 2016. Makerere University.
  7. Achola C. The expression of protein 53(p53) and its association with the clinicalpathological features of penile squamous cell carcinoma as seen at the Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University. M.Med(Pathology) 2016. Makerere University.
  8. Amsi T.P. BRCA 1 and BRCA2 protein expression in carcinoma of prostate and its relationship with age and grade as seen at Department of Pathology, MakCHS.Med (Pathology) 2015. Makerere University.
  9. Olwa F. A comparative study on fine needle aspiration cytology with fine needle capillary technique in sampling of palpable head and neck lesions in Mulago Hospital. M.Med(Pathology) 2012. Makerere University.
  10. Ajok F. Androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer patients in Kampala, Uganda. M.Med(Pathology) 2012. Makerere University.
  11. Kabweru W. Clinical features and histological grades of penile carcinoma in patients seen at Mulago Hospital. M.Med(Surgery) 2011. Makerere University
  12. Gemagaine G. p16 expression in anorectal carcinoma biopsy specimens seen in the Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. M.Med(Pathology) 2009. Makerere University
  13. Olila W. Clinical presentation of laryngeal papillomatosis and Genotypic variation of Human papillomaviruses in patients presenting in ENT Department, Mulago Hospital. M.Med(ENT) 2008. Makerere University
  14. Wandira R. Autopsy study of maternal deaths in Mulago Hospital. M.Med(Pathology) 2008. Makerere University
  15. Micongwe M.I. Malignant transformation in intra oral papillary lesions diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere university, Kampala. M.Med (Pathology) 2007. Makerere University
  16. Rambau P.F. p53 expression in colorectal carcinoma in relation to histopathologic features in Ugandan African population. M.Med (Pathology) 2006. Makerere University.
  17. Nabbada S. Histopathological features of the bone marrow in HIV/AIDS Patients as seen in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. M.Med(Pathology) 2006. Makerere University.
  18. Nekesa V. Cytopathological features of sputum using paraffin embedded cell blocks in HIV positive patients in Mulago Hospital. M.Med(Pathology) 2006. Makerere University.
  19. Byaruhanga M. The histopathology of renal lesions in HIV infected adults as seen at autopsy in Mulago Hospital. M.Med (Pathology) 2005. Makerere University.
  20. Male W.M. Histopathological types of intracranial tumours as seen in the Department of Pathology, Makerere University.M.Med.(Pathology)  Makerere University
  21. Ajeani J. A case control study to determine whether active P.falciparum nfection is a possible risk factor for pre-eclampsia.M.Med (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) 2005. Makerere University.
  22. Kidaaga F. Histopathological patterns and p53 protein expression of carcinoma of the oesophagus as seen in the Department of Pathology, Makerere University. M.Med (Pathology) 2004. Makerere University
  23. Kyokunda L.T. Reliability of Haematoxylin and Eosin staining in the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease in Uganda. M.Med (Pathology)2002. Makerere University.
  24. Nalwoga H. Histopathological patterns, c-erb 2 oncoprotein and survival of breast cancer patients in Kyaddondo county – Uganda. M.Med (Pathology) 2002.Makerere University.
  25. Nalwanga S. The pattern of benign breast diseases seen in Mulago Hospital . M.Med (Surgery) 2002. Makerere University.
  26. Alenyo R. Expression of c-erb.2 oncoprotein in prostatic cancer. M.Med (Surgery) 2002.
  27. Ssendikaddiwa E.B. The Pathology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in HIV  positive adults:  an autopsy study. M.Med (Pathology) 2001 Makerere University.
  28. Dzamalala C.P. The pattern of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Uganda:  an Immunohistological  M.Med (Pathology) 2000 Makerere University.

More Information

Other Academic Activities

a). Administrative

  1. Acting Head Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University since

August 2020.

     b).Presentation at Conferences

  1. Odida M. Schistosomiasis of conjunctiva: a case report. Presented at 4thAfrican Assembly of the IAP, Entebbe, October 2025.
  2. Odida M. and Schmauz R. Infective tumour like lesions of rectum and colon: a report of two cases. Poster No.1095, 35th European Conference of Pathology, Dublin September 2023.
  3. Odida M, Schmauz R. Ocular rhinosporodiosis: a report of 15 cases from Uganda. Poster No. 995, 35th European Conference of Pathology, Dublin September 2023.
  4. Odida M, Steenfatt N, Brühl W, Schmauz R. Multiple HPV-Infections in a Deep-Seated Rectal Polyp and Perianal Condylomata Acuminata. IAP German Division, June 2020, Berlin Germany.
  5. Odida M. Cervical cancer, HPV and cytology screening. 1st African Congress on   Cytology, Kampala, January 9th -11th  2019
  6. Odida M. Infective tumour-like lesions in tropical areas. International Academy of

Pathology Congress (Invited speaker at Course in Pathology in the tropics) Cape

Town, September/October 2012.

  1. Odida M. The burden of gynaecological malignancies in Africa, AORTIC conference, 2017, Kigali, Rwanda.
  2. Odida M., Schmauz R. Malaria and its relationship with cervical

carcinoma in Uganda. Preliminary results from Kampala, Uganda . 23rd

European Congress of Pathology, 27th August 2011 to 1st September 2011, Helsinki,

Findland.

  1. Odida M. Cervical cancer in Uganda. Second stop cervical cancer in Africa Conference.21st to 22nd July 2008, Kampala, Uganda.
  2. Odida M., Schmauz R. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.   Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa.  July   Pretoria. South Africa
  3. Odida M., Schmauz R. Epidemiology and pathology of cervical cancer in       tropical Africa –  Congress of German Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology October 2001 Mannheim, Germany.
  4. Odida , Schmauz R. Squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix of Superficial cell type, a new entity?  Association of Pathologist of East,Central and Southern Africa.  October 2002 Mombasa Kenya.
  5. Odida M., Wabinga H., Weiderpass E., Schmauz R., and Owor R. HIVand cancer in a tropical country: a retrospective analysis and update. Association of  Pathologist of East, Central and Southern Africa. October 2004, Kampala,Uganda.
  6. Odida M., Mirembe F., Weiderpass E. HIV and cervical carcinoma: preliminary results from a hospital based control study in Uganda. 27thAnnual Meeting of International Association of Cancer Registries. September 2005,Entebbe, Uganda.
  7. Odida M. Cervical adenocarcinoma in Kampala, Uganda in the era of AIDS. XXVI Congress of the International Academy of Pathology, 16th to 21st September 2006, Montreal, Canada.
  8. Odida, M. Human papillomavirus in histological specimens of cancer of cervix. Workshop on HPV and cancer of cervix: opportunities for intervention. November 2006, Kampala, Uganda.

Professional Growth

  1. Attended 6th African Dermatopathology Conference, 8-9th January 2020 in Moshi, Tanzania
  2. Regional Pathologist Meeting of German Federal State of Lower-Saxony (Niedersachsen) 9th November 2019, Hannover, Germany..
  3. 104th German Society of Pathology, 4-7th June 2020, Berlin, Germany (Digital Conference).
  4. Attended 4th African Dermatopathology Conference, 8-9th January 2018 in Moshi, Tanzania
  5. Attended three’s days Neuropathology course organised by International Academy of Pathology of British and East African Divisions in Kampala, 7-9th September 2015.
  6. Visiting Scholar, Dermatopathology Department, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco from 2nd April 2011 to 13th May 2011.
  7. Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology and Makerere University Cytopatholpgy course 2009 from 13th to 16th July, Kampala, Uganda.
  8. European Congress of Pathology pre-congress course on information technology in pathology 2009 September 4th, Florence, Italy.
  9. Two weeks’ training at Department of Histopathology, St. Thomas Hospital, London under Professor Sebastian Lucas in November 1999.
  10. Attended two days’ Symposium on Urological Pathology in November 1999 organised by British Division of the International Academy of Pathology in London.
  11. Attended Paediatric Pathology Society Update Course 2004 from18th –22nd April 2004 at Goudini Spa, Western Cape, South Africa.
  12. Attended Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy technique and cytology course conducted by Drs. Andrew Field and William R Geddie, 8th to 11th January 2007 at Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University.
  13. Guest Pathologist, Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Germany, April 1992 to March 1993.

B).Additional academic activities  

  1. External Examiner, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya November 2025.
  2. Examiner PhD thesis, Makerere University, October 2025
  3. External Examiner, Lira University, May 2025
  4. External Examiner, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, 2024.
  5. Examiner Master Medical Laboratory Science Dissertation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology 2022.
  6. External examiner, Busitema University, Faculty of Health Sciences, March 2021.
  1. External examiner, University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and  Health Sciences, June 2018
  1. External examiner, Busitema University, Faculty of Health Sciences, May 2017.
  2. External examiner, Busitema University, Faculty of Health Sciences, May 2016.
  1. Examiner PhD thesis, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Sweden, March 2016.
  2. External examiner, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, March 2011.
  3. External examiner, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, August 2010.
  4. External examiner, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, July 2009.
  1. Vetting of Peter F. Rambau publications for promotion to Associate Professor at

Bugando University College of Health Sciences, Mwanza Tanzania, March 2016.

  1. Chairman Organizing Committee 10th Biennial Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa congress, 15th to 17th September 2010, in Kampala, Uganda.
  2. President, International Academy of Pathology, East African Division for the period 2011 to 2013.
  1. External examiner, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, August 2002.
  1. Organiser Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy technique and cytology course conducted by

Drs. Andrew Field and William R Geddie, 8th to 11th January 2007 at the Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University.

  1. Visiting Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2019.
  2. Senior Researcher, THRiVE project, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University from November 2010 to 2016.
  3. Member Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study (RIS HPV TT) Group from 2005 to date.

Service to University and Community

i). University

a). Member of Senate, Gulu University February 2021 to date

b). Member Scientific Committee on Covilyce-1 drug development, 24th August 2021.

c). Member Ceremonies Committee, Makerere University 2011/2012

d). Coordinator for a number of postgraduate courses at Makerere University till June 2019

e). Financial Advisor to Makerere University Medical Students’ Association July 1997 to

2016ii).

ii). Scientific Community.

Reviewer for journal manuscripts in 2024/: BMC Women’s Health,

Discover Oncology, Infectious Agents and Cancer, BMC Cancer, Scientific Reports.

Reviewer for journal manuscripts in 2025: BMC Gastroenterology, Reproductive Health, Virology Journal, Discover Public Health, Scientific Reports, BMC Cancer, BMC Public Health, BMC Infectious Diseases, Infectious Agents and Cancer, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, BMC Women’s Health.

ii). Community

a). Former Council member, St. Joseph’s Catholic Chaplaincy, Mulago Hospital.

b). Former Head of Laity, St.Mugaga Catholic community, Mbalwa sub-parish, Namugongo.

c). Director, St. Mary’s College Lagwai, Pader, Uganda.

d). Chairman, Uganda Brain Trust Foundation.

Membership of Professional Association:

  1. Member, Uganda Medical Association
  2. Member, Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa

(APECSA).

  1. Member, Association of Pathologists of Uganda.

4. Member, International Academy of Pathology, East African Division